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Feedstocks Analysed at Celignis
Spent Mushroom Compost
Background on Spent Mushroom Compost
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (3)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/mushroom_small.jpg "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (3)")
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (4)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/inspect_front_crop_crop2.png "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (4)")
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (5)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/elementar_scan_tall.jpg "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (5)")
Spent mushroom compost (SMC) is the substrate remaining after mushroom production, with approximately 5 kg of SMC produced for each kg of mushrooms. Mushroom compost is a mixture of 60 to 70% straw, 28 to 34% poultry litter, and 2 to 4.5% gypsum. It is made in a series of stages, termed phases. In the first phase the components (e.g. straw, litter, gypsum) are mixed and then placed in long windrows for a period of up to 2 weeks with the resulting product being termed Phase I compost. The second phase takes up to 18 days and takes place indoors in plastic tunnels that allow for the environment to be controlled so that any unwanted organisms or diseases in the compost can be controlled. Once the compost is of a quality suitable for mushroom production the compost is mixed with spawn, a monoculture of mushroom mycelium on grain. This compost is termed Phase II. Phase III involves the spawning and growth of the mycelium and takes place under controlled conditions. It is considered complete when the mycelia have fully colonised the compost. Mushroom producers either receive Phase II or Phase III composts. Once the compost is fully colonised mushroom production involves placing a casing layer of peat on top of the compost. This layer promotes the formation of promordia; mushroom pins. Approximately three weeks after this point the first crop (first flush) of mushrooms can be harvested. The compost can then be rewet allowing for the harvesting of subsequent flushes at approximately 7 day intervals. Typically up to three flushes are harvested from each compost shipment. The remaining material is known as SMC and can sometimes be sterilised (cooked out) by heating for 12 hours at 70 degrees Celsius. The overall composition of SMC will vary according to the time of year, the amount of peat casing put on by the grower, the compost manufacturers, and the amount of water added to the mushroom by the grower. The chemical composition of the ultimate spent material will be significantly different from the composite of the materials that make up the mushroom compost and casing layer, however, due to the effects of the composting process and mushroom growth.
Analysis of Spent Mushroom Compost at Celignis
Celignis Analytical can determine the following properties of Spent Mushroom Compost samples:
Sugar Alcohols and Uronic Acids
Lignin and Extractives
Fatty Acids
Vitamins
Thermal Properties
Major and Minor Elements
Biochar Properties
Physical Properties
Plant Pigments
Polyamines
Polyphenols
Lignocellulosic Properties of Spent Mushroom Compost
Cellulose Content of Spent Mushroom Compost
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (6)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/sugars_500.jpg "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (6)")
Celignis founder Daniel Hayes has extensive experience in the collection, preparation, and chemical/infrared analysis of mushroom composts and spent mushroom composts. He has carried out a research project, funded by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency, that involved the analysis of a number of samples. These samples covered the various stages of production of mushroom compost as well as spent mushroom composts produced in different greenhouses under different numbers of flushes. Typically the cellulose content of spent mushroom compost is higher than the hemicellulose content but lower than the lignin content. Click here to see the Celignis Analysis Packages that determine Cellulose Content
Hemicellulose Content of Spent Mushroom Compost
Xylose is the principal hemicellulose sugar in most spent mushroom composts. However the ratios of the different sugars can vary substantially according to the stage of mushroom production. Therefore, specific analysis of the sample in question is recommended. Click here to see the Celignis Analysis Packages that determine Hemicellulose Content
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (7)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/as_wide.jpg "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (7)")
Lignin Content of Spent Mushroom Compost
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (8)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/stirring.jpg "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (8)")
The lignin content of spent mushroom composts can be significant and can also vary greatly depending on the biomass that was used to make the compost and on the conditions used for mushroom growth. Click here to see the Celignis Analysis Packages that determine Lignin Content
Starch Content of Spent Mushroom Compost
The starch content of spent mushroom compost is typically low as starch will have been utilised by the mushrooms. Click here to see the Celignis Analysis Packages that determine Starch Content
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (9)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/starch_test_3.jpg "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (9)")
Uronic Acid Content of Spent Mushroom Compost
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (10)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/as_ap.jpg "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (10)")
Uronic acids are present in the straws that are typically used to generate mushroom compost, however we are not aware of any studies to date on the fate of these uronic acids during the composting process and post mushroom production. Click here to see the Celignis Analysis Packages that determine Uronic Acid Content
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Spent Mushroom Compost
We can undertake tests involving the enzymatic hydrolysis of Spent Mushroom Compost. In these experiments we can either use a commercial enzyme mix or you can supply your own enzymes. We also offer analysis packages that compare the enzymatic hydrolysis of a pre-treated sample with that of the native original material. Click here to see the Celignis Analysis Packages that determine Enzymatic Hydrolysis
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (11)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/Cellulase.png "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (11)")
Bioenergy Properties of Spent Mushroom Compost
Ash Content of Spent Mushroom Compost
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (12)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/furnace_new_lab_crop.jpg "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (12)")
Ash content of spent mushroom compost can be high and can also vary significantly. Click here to see the Celignis Analysis Packages that determine Ash Content
Heating (Calorific) Value of Spent Mushroom Compost
The heating value of spent mushroom compost is often quite low due to the high moisture and ash contents of the feedstock. Despite this, however, there has been commercial interest in the utilisation of spent mushroom compost in energy/power generation facilities. This is primarily due to its very low cost. Indeed spent mushroom compost can often be obtained for a gate fee. Click here to see the Celignis Analysis Packages that determine Heating (Calorific) Value
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (13)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/heating_report.jpg "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (13)")
Ash Melting Behaviour of Spent Mushroom Compost
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (14)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/ash_stages.png "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (14)")
Ash melting, also known as ash fusion and ash softening, can lead to slagging, fouling and corrosion in boilers which may reduce conversion efficiency. We can determine the ash melting behaviour of Spent Mushroom Compost using our Carbolite CAF G5 BIO ash melting furnace. It can record the following temperatures: Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (SST) - This occurs when the area of the test piece of Spent Mushroom Compost ash falls below 95% of the original test piece area. Ash Deformation Temperature (DT) - The temperature at which the first signs of rounding of the edges of the test piece occurs due to melting. Ash Hemisphere Temperature (HT) - When the test piece of Spent Mushroom Compost ash forms a hemisphere (i.e. the height becomes equal to half the base diameter). Ash Flow Temperature (FT) - The temperature at which the Spent Mushroom Compost ash is spread out over the supporting tile in a layer, the height of which is half of the test piece at the hemisphere temperature. Click here to see the Celignis Analysis Packages that determine Ash Melting Behaviour
Major and Minor Elements in Spent Mushroom Compost
Examples of major elements that may be present in Spent Mushroom Compost include potassium and sodium which are present in biomass ash in the forms of oxides. These can lead to fouling, ash deposition in the convective section of the boiler. Alkali chlorides can also lead to slagging, the fusion and sintering of ash particles which can lead to deposits on boiler tubes and walls. We can also determine the levels of 13 different minor elements (such as arsenic, copper, and zinc) that may be present in Spent Mushroom Compost. Click here to see the Celignis Analysis Packages that determine Major and Minor Elements
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (15)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/Italo_resize.jpg "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (15)")
Analysis of Spent Mushroom Compost for Anaerobic Digestion
Biomethane potential (BMP) of Spent Mushroom Compost
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (16)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/test_split_1080.gif "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (16)")
Given that spent mushroom compost has high ash and lignin contents, it is not considered to be a good feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The matter is made worse by the low contents of labile sugars (e.g. water soluble carbohydrates) and relatively small amounts of cellulose and hemicellulose in the feedstock. Hence, even when expressed on a non-lignin volatile solids basis, the biochemical methane potential (BMP) is likely to be low. Click here to see the Celignis Analysis Packages that determine BMP
Physical Properties of Spent Mushroom Compost
Bulk Density of Spent Mushroom Compost
At Celignis we can determine the bulk density of biomass samples, including Spent Mushroom Compost, according to ISO standard 17828 (2015). This method requires the biomass to be in an appropriate form (chips or powder) for density determination. Click here to see the Celignis Analysis Packages that determine Bulk Density
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (17)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/bulk_density.jpg "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (17)")
Particle Size of Spent Mushroom Compost
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (18)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/particle_size.jpg "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (18)")
Given that spent mushroom compost has high ash and lignin contents, it is not considered to be a good feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The matter is made worse by the low contents of labile sugars (e.g. water soluble carbohydrates) and relatively small amounts of cellulose and hemicellulose in the feedstock. Hence, even when expressed on a non-lignin volatile solids basis, the biochemical methane potential (BMP) is likely to be low. Click here to see the Celignis Analysis Packages that determine Particle Size
Publications on Spent Mushroom Compost By The Celignis Team
Hayes, D. J. M. (2011) Analysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks for Biorefineries with a Focus on The Development of Near Infrared Spectroscopy as a Primary Analytical Tool, PhD Thesis832 pages (over 2 volumes)
The processing of lignocellulosic materials in modern biorefineries will allow for theproduction of transport fuels and platform chemicals that could replace petroleum-derivedproducts. However, there is a critical lack of relevant detailed compositional informationregarding feedstocks relevant to Ireland and Irish conditions. This research has involved thecollection, preparation, and the analysis, with a high level of precision and accuracy, of alarge number of biomass samples from the waste and agricultural sectors. Not all of thewaste materials analysed are considered suitable for biorefining; for example the total sugarcontents of spent mushroom composts are too low. However, the waste paper/cardboardthat is currently exported from Ireland has a chemical composition that could result in highbiorefinery yields and so could make a significant contribution to Irelands biofuel demands. Miscanthus was focussed on as a major agricultural feedstock. A large number of plantshave been sampled over the course of the harvest window (October to April) from severalsites. These have been separated into their anatomical fractions and analysed. This hasallowed observations to be made regarding the compositional trends observed withinplants, between plants, and between harvest dates. Projections are made regarding theextents to which potential chemical yields may vary. For the DIBANET hydrolysis processthat is being developed at the University of Limerick, per hectare yields of levulinic acid fromMiscanthus could be 20% greater when harvested early compared with a late harvest. The wet-chemical analysis of biomass is time-consuming. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)has been developed as a rapid primary analytical tool with separate quantitative modelsdeveloped for the important constituents of Miscanthus, peat, and (Australian) sugarcanebagasse. The work has demonstrated that accurate models are possible, not only for dryhom*ogenous samples, but also for wet heterogeneous samples. For glucose (cellulose) theroot mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for wet samples is 1.24% and the R2 for thevalidation set () is 0.931. High accuracies are even possible for minor analytes; e.g. forthe rhamnose content of wet Miscanthus samples the RMSEP is 0.03% and theis 0.845.Accurate models have also been developed for pre-treated Miscanthus samples and arediscussed. In addition, qualitative models have been developed. These allow for samples tobe discriminated for on the basis of plant fraction, plant variety (giganteus/non-giganteus),harvest-period (early/late), and stand-age (one-year/older). Quantitative NIRS models have also been developed for peat, although the heterogeneity ofthis feedstock means that the accuracies tend to be lower than for Miscanthus. Thedevelopment of models for sugarcane bagasse has been hindered, in some cases, by thelimited chemical variability between the samples in the calibration set. Good models arepossible for the glucose and total sugars content, but the accuracy of other models ispoorer. NIRS spectra of Brazilian bagasse samples have been projected onto these models,and onto those developed for Miscanthus, and the Miscanthus models appear to provide abetter fit than the Australian bagasse models. | ||
Examples of Other Feedstocks Analysed at Celignis
Energy Crops
Agricultural Residues and Wastes
Industrial Residues and Wastes
Municipal Wastes
Biorefinery Products
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Analysis Packages
P8 : Lignin Content
Lignin (Klason), Lignin (Acid Soluble), Acid Insoluble Residue, Ash (Acid Insoluble),
P19 : Deluxe Lignocellulose Package
As P10 plus protein-corrected lignin, water-soluble sugars, uronic acids, acetyl content and starch.
P11 : NIR Prediction Package
Ligno. Sugars, Lignin, Ethanol-Soluble Extractives, Ash
P15 : Uronic Acids
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P17 : Biomass Amino Acids
Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine,
P20 : Lignin S/G Ratio
Ratio of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) lignin units
Enzyme Activity and Enzymatic Hydrolysis
P121 : Evaluation of Biomass for Enzymatic Digestibility
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Xylose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Arabinose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Mannose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Galactose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Rhamnose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Cellobiose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Enzymatic Hydrolysis Kinetics, Cellulose Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Yield, Combined Sugar Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate, Xylan Conversion Rate,
P122 : Evaluation of Pre-Treatment on Enzymatic Digestibility
As P121 plus comparisons with data from the non-pretreated original sample, including: Increase in Cellulose Accessibility after Pre-Treatment, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Efficiency, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Rate.
P123 : Composition of Residue from Enzymatic Hydrolysis
As P9 but on the solid residue after enzymatic hydrolysis.
P124 : Fermentation Inhibitors in Enzymatic Hydrolysate
Formic Acid, Acetic Acid, Levulinic Acid, Furfural, Hydroxymethylfurfural,
P125 : Cellulase Saccharification Efficiency
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Cellulose Conversion Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate
P126 : Xylanase Saccharification Efficiency
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Xylan Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Rate
P127 : Amylase Saccharification Efficiency
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Maltose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, a-Amylase Hydrolysis Kinetics, Glucoamylase Hydrolysis Kinetics,
Analysis of Biomass Process Liquids
P12 : Sugars in Solvent Extract
Glucose, Xylose, Fructose, Sucrose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Xylitol, Sorbitol, Trehalose, Mannitol, Arabinitol, Glycerol, Raffinose,
P21 : Sugars in Solution
As P12 plus Cellobiose
P22 : Organic Acids and Furans
Levulinic Acid, Formic Acid, Hydroxymethylfurfural, Furfural, Acetic Acid, gamma-Valerolactone,
P24 : Dimers and Trimers from Hemicellulose Hydrolysis
Xylobiose, Xylotriose, Arabinobiose, Arabinotriose,
P29 : Oligomers from Starch Hydrolysis
Maltose, Maltotriose, Maltotetraose, Maltopentaose, Maltohexaose, Maltoheptaose, Maltooctaose,
P15 : Uronic Acids
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P75 : Seaweed Phytohormones
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
P76 : Seaweed Vitamins (Fat-Soluble)
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
P77 : Seaweed Vitamins (Water-Soluble)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
P79 : Seaweed Phenolics Profiling
Gallic acid, Vanillic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Ferulic acid, Coumaric acid, Catechin, Quercetin, Phloroglucinol,
P71 : Seaweed Carbohydrates
Fucose, Mannitol, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Total Sugars, Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P72 : Seaweed Amino Acids
Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P73 : Seaweed Lipids as Fatty Acids
Arachidic Acid, Behenic Acid, Decanoic Acid, Erucic Acid, Lauric Acid, Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid, Myristic Acid, Caprylic Acid, Oleic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Palmitoleic Acid, Stearic Acid, Lignoceric Acid,
P74 : Pigments in Seaweed
Fucoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Chlorophyll-c, Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
P75 : Seaweed Phytohormones
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
P76 : Seaweed Vitamins (Fat-Soluble)
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
P77 : Seaweed Vitamins (Water-Soluble)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
P150 : Plant Pigments
Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
P300 : Plant Cell Wall Analysis
As P10 plus Pectin, Starch, and Uronic Acids
P81 : Biomethane Potential - 14 Days
Biomethane Potential (BMP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
P82 : Biomethane Potential - 14 Days - Deluxe Package
Includes P81, P93, and P94
P84 : Biomethane Potential - 21 Days
As P81 but for 21 days
P85 : Biomethane Potential - 21 Days - Deluxe Package
Includes P84, P93, and P94
P87 : Biomethane Potential - 28 Days
As P81 but for 28 days
P88 : Biomethane Potential - 28 Days - Deluxe Package
Includes P87, P93, and P94
P90 : Biomethane Potential - 40 Days
As P81 but for 40 days
P91 : Biomethane Potential - 40 Days - Deluxe Package
Includes P90, P93, and P94
P93 : Feedstock Chemical and Biological Analysis
Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Phosphorus, Potassium, Ammonia, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur,
P94 : Digestate Chemical and Biological Analysis
As P93 but on the digestate
P95 : Residual Biogas Potential - 14 Days
Residual Biogas Potential (RBP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
P96 : Residual Biogas Potential - 14 Days - Deluxe Package
Includes P93 and P95
P98 : Residual Biogas Potential - 21 Days
As P95 but for 21 days
P99 : Residual Biogas Potential - 21 Days - Deluxe Package
Includes P93 and P98
P101 : Residual Biogas Potential - 28 Days
As P98 but for 28 days
P222 : Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Speciation
Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid, Propionic Acid, Butyric Acid, Isobutyric Acid, Valeric Acid, Isovaleric Acid,
Analysis of Pyrolysis Products
P61 : Sugars in Bio-Oil Water Extract
Levoglucosan, Cellobiosan, Mannosan, Galactosan, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Fucose, Sucrose, Cellobiose, Total Sugars,
P63 : Semi-Volatile Oxygenated Components in Bio-Oil
31 constituents including Phenol, Furfural, Syringol, and Vanillin
P350 : Biochar Production
At various temperatures and residence times
P360 : Specific Surface Area (5-Point BET)
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (5 Point Using Nitrogen),
P364 : Pore-Size Distribution
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (20 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
P366 : Pore Size Distribution Deluxe
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (40 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
P368 : Pore Size Distribution Ultimate
Using nitrogen and carbon dioxide
P34 : Calorific Value and Elements
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P42 : Ash Melting Behaviour (Reducing Conditions)
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
P393 : Biochar Thermal Properties Deluxe
Moisture, Ash Content (815C), Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Chlorine, Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
P394 : Biochar Thermal Properties Ultimate
As P393 plus inorganic carbon, organic carbon, TGA (under nitrogen and air), and inherent moisture
Biochar Soil Amendment Properties
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P384 : Biochar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Anthracene, Benz[a]anthracene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Benzo[ghi]perylene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Chrysene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, 2-Methylnaphthalene, Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene,
P388 : Biochar Plant Growth Trials
Time to Germination, Mean Shoot Length (Week 1), Mean Shoot Length (Week 2), Mean Shoot Length (Week 3), Mean Shoot Length (Week 4), Shoot Weight (Week 4), Mean Root Length (Week 4), Root Weight (Week 4),
P396 : Biochar Soil Amendment Deluxe
Includes P381, P382, P384, P385 and P386
P397 : Biochar Soil Amendment Ultimate
As Deluxe package plus P383, SEM Imaging (P387) and Plant Growth Trials (P388)
P399 : Biochar Complete Evaluation Package
Includes everything from P391 (Physical Properties Ultimate), P394 (Thermal Properties Ultimate), and P397 (Soil Amendment Ultimate)
P34 : Calorific Value and Elements
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P40 : Combustion Package
Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Moisture, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Chlorine,
P41 : Ash Melting Behaviour (Oxidising Conditions)
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Deformation Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Flow Temperature (Oxidising),
P42 : Ash Melting Behaviour (Reducing Conditions)
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
P50 : Ultimate Combustion Package
Includes P36, P40 and P42
News
Jan 24th 2024
Celignis is a Partner in 3 Successful Proposals for EU Funding
We are pleased to announce that three of the proposals involving Celignis, submitted to the CBE-JU programme for funding collaborative biomass research in Europe, were successful. These projects will provide an additional funding of €1.5m to Celignis and build on our achievements in other CBE and EU projects. In particular, the projects are all at enhanced TRLs (6/7) and will use our existing Celignis Bioprocess infrastructure and will also fund further development of our bioprocessing capacities and the Bioprocess Development Services we offer our clients.
Details on the funded projects are provided below:
BIONEER - This project was funded under CBE-JU topic IA-06 and focuses on the TRL 6/7 production of biobased platform chemicals. Celignis's activities in the project focus on scaling up the work undertaken in our ongoing
Jan 23rd 2024
The 2024 North American Biochar Conference will take place in Sacramento, California, on Feb 12-15
On Feb 12-15 we'll be exhibiting at the 2024 North American Biochar Conference, taking place at the SAFE Credit Union Convention Centre in Sacramento, California.
We're looking forward to interacting with the 1000+ expected attendees, outlining our extensive range of analytical and application testing services for biochar.
Celignis CIO Lalitha Gottumukkala will also be a member of the expert panel focused on developing improved laboratory methods for biochar characterisation.
Click here to register for the event.
![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (20)](https://i0.wp.com/www.celignis.com/img/us_biochar_conference_2024.jpg "Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (20)")
Jan 22nd 2024
This Networking Event Will Involve Discussions on Collaborations for Proposals to the 2024 CBE-JU Topics
The Circular Bioeconomy Europe Joint Undertaking (CBE-JU) is an organisation that funds biomass research in Europe at various Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs). Since 2016 Celignis has been an active participant in a number of projects funded by the CBE-JU.
The Biobased Industries Consortium (BIC) is the steering committee that helps to steer the focus of research for the CBE-JU programme. In 2023 Celignis joined the BIC as a Full Industry Member and participated in several proposals submitted for different research topics in the CBE-JU's 2023 Work Programme.
On Feb 8th Celignis's Dan Hayes, Lalitha Gottumukkala, and Oscar Bedzo will be attending a BIC networking event in Brussels where we will discuss potential collaborations in the research programme topics recently announced for 2024.
Jan 19th 2024
This position will involve working closely with senior management, fostering existing and new client relationships.
Situated in Limerick, Ireland, Celignis currently operates at two centres, Celignis Analytical and Celignis Bioprocess, actively engaging in a variety of private and public bioeconomy projects. As we continue to expand, we're looking to strengthen our team of 14 with a Business Administration and Client Relationship Manager who can bring a blend of enthusiasm and expertise.
This position will involve working closely with senior management, fostering existing and new client relationships, and ensuring successful delivery of our services, playing a key role in our ongoing growth and success.
Click here for more details about the position.
Apr 30th 2023
The event takes place on May 3rd at Carrick-on-Shannon
We are pleased to announce that, on May 3rd, Celignis will be presenting and exhibiting at the National Biochar and Carbon Products Conference 2023, which is taking place in Carrick-on-Shannon in County Leitrm, Ireland.
This conference is being organised under the auspices of the Interreg Northwest Europe-funded THREE C Project, entitled 'Creating and sustaining Charcoal value chains to promote a Circular Carbon economy in NWE Europe'.
The conference will highlight both Irish stakeholders who are currently working in the biochar and carbon products sector, but also partners from the THREE C project (covering Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, Belgium, France and Wales, as well as Ireland) who have interesting stories and products to share.
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![Analysis of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Cellulose Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?>, Lignin Content of =$DATAADAPTER['name']?> (2024)](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mP8/h8AAvMB+NzmkbcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)