UPSC Key | Flamingos, Para-diplomacy, ICC and more (2024)

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39 flamingos killed after being hit by aircraft landing at Mumbai airport

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Environment

Mains Examination: GS-III: Environment

What’s the ongoing story- Around 39 flamingos were found dead in different locations of Ghatkopar East, spanning Pant Nagar, Laxmi Nagar and Ghatkopar–Andheri Link Road late Monday evening, after they collided with an Emirates aircraft landing at the Mumbai airport.

Prerequisites:

— What is IUCN status of flamingos?

— What are international migratory birds?

— What is the purpose of the Wildlife Protection Act (1972)?

Key takeaways:

— Since flamingos are a protected species under the Wildlife Protection Act (1972), the rescuers handed over the carcasses of the flamingos to the forest department conducting the necropsy.

— Flamingos have never been spotted earlier anywhere around Ghatkopar. “The flamingos seemingly were flying to the north and had to change their path because of the high rises all across. It is poor urban planning that has claimed these lives,” said B N Kumar, Director, NatConnect Foundation.

For Your Information:

— According to experts, nearly 1-1.5 lakh flamingos start migrating from Kutch, Bhavnagar, and other scattered areas of Gujarat to Mumbai in November to search for food. After entering Mumbai, the flamingos settle into their feeding ground at the Thane Creek area, which stretches from Vitawa to Uran.

— BNHS researcher Prabhu told The Indian Express, “While Gujarat is their breeding ground, Thane Creek area is their feeding ground. They start arriving in November and the peak season is between January and February. The flamingos primarily feed on the algae which grow on the mudflats, and start emerging when the water from the creek starts drying up during the low tides.”

— Arriving in Mumbai at an average speed of 40-50 kmph, these flamingos comprise primarily two types of species — the greater flamingos and lesser flamingos.

Points to Ponder:

— How unplanned urbanisation has become a threat to flora and fauna?

— What are the Ramsar sites?

— What are the migratory species in India?

— What steps need to be taken to protect these species?

Post Read Question:

Consider the following statements:

1. The IUCN status of Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) is Near Threatened.

2. Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) is the state bird of Gujarat.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

422 Indian wetlands and grasslands on list of Central Asian Flyway sites, 19 from Gujarat

The Ideas Page

A time for para diplomacy

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance

Mains Examination: GS-II: International Relations

What’s the ongoing story- C. Raja Mohan writes: “In its manifesto issued last week, the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) promised to get back Kartarpur Sahib, the final resting place of Guru Nanak, less than five kilometres across the Pakistan border. This might sound as rash as the BJP leaders’ promise to bring Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK) into India’s fold. No, the SAD is promising to work with the Centre to negotiate an “exchange of territory” with Pakistan, in return for Kartarpur Sahib.”

Prerequisites:

— What is para-diplomacy?

— What is MFN status?

— What is cooperative federalism?

— What is India’s neighbourhood policy?

Key takeaways:

— “The SAD’s proposals on engaging Pakistan bring to the fore the idea of “para diplomacy” or “sub-state diplomacy” in promoting national interests. This involves formal interactions between entities below the federal level — provincial and local governments — in pursuit of shared national goals.”

— “The conduct of para diplomacy is not in opposition to the national governments, which have a monopoly over the engagement with other sovereigns. Federal governments are quite nervous about sharing, let alone ceding, authority to engage across borders, especially when there is a danger of cross-border criminal and terror networks casting a shadow over the process.”

— “Para diplomacy, conducted in tandem with the central government, can often produce openings that can’t be generated between the congealed positions of the national governments.”

— “Not all Indian border states have been as keen on cross-border cooperation as Punjab. The context on each border is different with unique burdens of history and different degrees of political difficulty. West Bengal, under Mamata Banerjee, for example, had, in fact, complicated Delhi’s engagement with Dhaka.”

— “The Tamil parties in Chennai have often exercised their veto over Delhi’s ties with Colombo. A weak UPA government (2004-14) had to often walk back from productive initiatives with the neighbours because of resistance from its coalition partners in the states.”

— “The next government must return to reconsidering para diplomacy as a valuable tool of India’s statecraft. To succeed, India’s neighbourhood policy must work with the interests of the people in the border provinces.”

— “This, in turn, demands the construction of a consensus between the centre and the regional parties in the border provinces on developing a productive relationship with the neighbours.”

Points to Ponder:

— How is para-diplomacy different from conventional diplomatic relations?

— What is ‘town diplomacy’?

— What are the examples of para-diplomacy in the context of India?

— What is the role of globalisation and economic liberalism in promoting para-diplomacy?

Post Read Question:

Critically analyse para-diplomacy as a tool of statecraft for India.

(Thought process: Define para-diplomacy– cite examples from West Bengal to Andhra Pradesh– point out how para-diplomacy depends on the location of the state and context–challenges it poses– suggest measures India needs to take to use it as an essential tool of statecraft.)

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

S Jaishankar writes: How India is making friends and influencing the world

After the collapse of a hoarding

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance

Mains Examination: GS-II: Polity, Governance; Government policies and interventions

What’s the ongoing story- Fahad Zuberi writes: “It’s not for lack of visibility that a 120 ft x 120 ft billboard in Mumbai’s Ghatkopar area escaped the eye of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). It was a billboard, after all, and its very job was to announce its presence and promote the brands that rented it. During the storm on May 13, the billboard collapsed and claimed 16 lives.”

Prerequisites:

— What is the Mumbai’s Ghatkopar billboard collapse accident?

— What is the role of the Municipal Corporation?

— Who is responsible for the safety of the citizens?

Key takeaways:

— A city’s infrastructure is, therefore, the physical interface between the citizen and the state. Audits and regulations, therefore, safeguard us from the dangers of infrastructural collapse.

— The actions of the state since the tragic collapse of the hoarding follow a pattern that is typical of infrastructural “accidents” across the country.

— With the private firm becoming the sole criminal in the tragedy, the state slowly disappears in the background with no accountability for the allocation of contracts, or the enforcement of regulations.

— In the 2016 flyover collapse in Kolkata, the construction company IVRCL was held solely responsible; in the Morbi Bridge collapse of 2022, the Oreva group; and in the case of the Ghatkopar hoarding collapse, its Ego Media Pvt. Ltd.

— The pattern tells us three things. First, that the state does not value human lives enough to ensure that public infrastructure is safe…

— Second, the state does not assume accountability in private partnerships and blames the private players alone…Since the tragic collapse of the Ghatkopar flyover, the government has conveniently used the director of Ego Media Pvt Ltd. as a symbol of their swift punitive action but we are yet to see any state officials being held accountable for criminal neglect.

— Third, the pattern tells us that the enforcement of urban development norms is selective and does not ensure citizen safety, let alone promote citizen welfare.

— A giant hoarding abutting a prominent road in one of India’s biggest metropolises governed by the richest municipality couldn’t have gone unnoticed. The tragic collapse of the hoarding and the events thereafter show us the precarity of human life in Indian cities.

— The incident is a typical case of criminal neglect and the state’s refusal of accountability. In Ghatkopar, the state failed the citizens and broke the trust that city dwellers put in the material elements of public life.

For Your Information:

— The Ghatkopar tragedy is a grim reminder of the longstanding ills of urban governance in the country — flailing municipalities, agencies with overlapping jurisdictions, negligent officials, faulty street design, and questionable space allocation processes.

Points to Ponder:

— What is the significance of safety audits for safe urban development?

— What safety norms apply to hoardings?

— Who is Legally Responsible for the Ghatkopar accident?

— How can citizens make the government accountable for failing to ensure safety?

— What are the issues of the Urban Local Bodies?

(Thought process: Build on devolution of funds, no timely election, limited functions allocated, acute share in revenue)

Post Read Question:

What measures should the government take to prevent incidents like the Ghatkopar billboard collapse?

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Collapse in Ghatkopar, a call to reform

The Second Page

UN Report: Indian pastoralists need better access to land, recognition of rights

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: General issues on Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity and Climate Change

Mains Examination: GS-II, III: Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Important International InstitutionsGovernment Policies & Interventions.

What’s the ongoing story- Millions of pastoralists in India who rear livestock and depend on grasslands, shrubs and plateaus for sustenance need better recognition of their rights and access to markets, a new United Nations report on degradation of rangelands said.

Prerequisites:

— What is rangelands?

— Who are Pastoralists?

— What is the Forest Rights Act 2006?

— Who are Maldharis, Van Gujjars, and Rabaris?

— Schemes of the government: National Livestock Mission, Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund and the Rashtriya Gokul Mission

Key takeaways:

— The report by the UN Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD) said that almost half of the world’s rangelands are degraded due to climate change, population growth, land-use change and growing farmlands.

— Rangelands cover 80 million sq km, which is 54 per cent of the earth’s land surface. These rangelands, the report said, are an important ecosystem to fight against climate change as they act as carbon sinks and prevent soil erosion, land degradation and desertification.

— Though their exact numbers in India are not known, the population of pastoralist communities, comprising groups such as Maldharis, Van Gujjars and Rabaris, among others, is estimated to be 20 million or more.

— “Less than 5 per cent of India’s grasslands fall within protected areas, and the total grassland area declined from 18 to 12 million hectares between 2005 and 2015,” the report added.

— Pastoralists contribute to the economy through livestock rearing and milk production. The livestock sector of the economy contributes 4 per cent of national gross domestic product and 26 per cent of agricultural gross domestic product. The country also accounts for 20 per cent of the world’s livestock population.

— Some laws such as the Forest Rights Act 2006, though, have helped pastoralists obtain grazing rights across states in the country, the report said.

— One “success” the report underlined was the Van Gujjars winning grazing rights and receiving land titles in the Rajaji National Park, following a high court judgment.

— The report noted that there was a gradual shift towards recognition of the socio-ecological role of rangelands and pastoralism in India.

— It cited the example of welfare schemes and assistance provided to pastoralists under the National Livestock Mission, Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund and the Rashtriya Gokul Mission on sustainable dairy production.

For Your Information:

— Desertification is a natural disaster playing out in slow motion in areas that are home to a half-billion people, from northern China and North Africa to remote Russia and the American Southwest.

— The process does not generally lead to rolling sand dunes that evoke the Sahara. Instead, higher temperatures and less rain combine with deforestation and overfarming to leave the soil parched, lifeless and nearly devoid of nutrients, unable to support crops or even grass to feed livestock.

Points to Ponder:

— Why grasslands are overlooked in environmental conservation and ecosystem restoration policies?

— What are the causes of land degradation?

— What is the function of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)?

— What are the steps taken by India to counter desertification and land degradation?

Post Read Question:

What is/are the importance/importances of the ‘ United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification’ ? (UPSC CSE 2016)

1. It aims to promote effective action through innovative national programmes and supportive international partnerships.

2. It has a special/particular focus on South Asia and North Africa regions, and its Secretariat facilitates the allocation of a major portion of financial resources to these regions.

3. It is committed to bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating the desertification.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Talks positive, focused on crop diversification, aid via NAFED: Govt

Economy

Imports of laptops, mobiles, other electronic goods: Govt reaffirms quality standards

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance

Mains Examination: GS-III: Economy

What’s the ongoing story- The commerce and industry ministry through a notification has reiterated its position that imports of certain electronic items including laptops and mobile phones will have to adhere to standards set by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and that samples will be randomly picked to check compliance failing which the goods would have to be re-exported or scrapped.

Prerequisites:

— What is the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)?

— What is a Quality Control Order (QCOs)?

— What are production linked incentive schemes (PLI)?

Key takeaways:

— India had ramped up Quality Control Order (QCOs) on numerous items of mass consumption which restricted import, storage or domestic sale of such items largely to prevent cheap quality Chinese goods from entering Indian markets and simultaneously to help build domestic manufacturing through production linked incentive schemes (PLI) in computer hardware.

— The notification said that about 64 electronic items is prohibited unless they are registered with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).

— This newspaper had reported that the government’s PLI scheme for IT hardware is moving in the slow lane, despite the Union Information Technology Ministry modifying the plan to increase budgetary outlay last May.

For Your Information:

— The Centre had more than doubled the IT Hardware PLI in May this year to Rs 17,000 crore since it was first cleared in 2021 with an outlay of Rs 7,350 crore. The first version of the scheme was a laggard with only two companies – Dell and Bhagwati – managing to meet first year (FY22) targets, and the industry calling for a renewed scheme with an increased budgetary outlay.

— The average incentive over six years will be about 5 per cent of net incremental sales compared with the 2 per cent over four years offered earlier.

Points to Ponder:

— What are the challenges of PLI schemes for IT hardwares?

— What steps need to be taken to address those challenges?

— How to decrease the import of electronic goods from China?

— What is World Trade Organization’s Information Technology Agreement?

Post Read Question:

The PLI Scheme for IT Hardwareaimed to broden the manufacturing ecosystem by encouraging the localisation of components and sub-assemblies. However, it is far away from fulfilling that objective. Analyse.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Asus, Dell, others apply for manufacturing laptops in India: What the Production Linked Incentive scheme is

Explained

Why ICC Prosecutor has sought an arrest warrant against Netanyahu

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: GS-II: Important international institutions, agencies, and fora- their structure, mandate.

What’s the ongoing story- The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) on Monday (May 20) requested arrest warrants against leaders of Hamas and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel about the October 7, 2023 attacks and the war in Palestine.

Prerequisites:

— What is the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

— What is the International Court of Justice (ICJ)?

Key takeaways:

— The ICC, based at The Hague, investigates and tries individuals charged with the most serious crimes of concern to the international community: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crimes of aggression.

— It is a court of last resort and seeks to complement, not replace, national courts. It prosecutes cases only when states are unwilling or unable to do so.

— ICC is governed by the Rome Statute. Currently, 124 countries are Parties to the Rome Statute. Israel is not among them. (India isn’t either.)

— Crimes against humanity: It includes murder, extermination, torture, rape, sexual offences, persecution, and other inhumane acts intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to the body or to mental or physical health when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population pursuant to or in furtherance of a state or organizational policy.

— War crimes include grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions in the context of armed conflict, and include wilful killing or torture of civilians or prisoners of war, extensive unlawful destruction and appropriation of property not justified by military necessity, the taking of hostages, intentionally directing attacks against civilians and civilian objects, using starvation of civilians as a method of warfare by depriving them of objects indispensable to their survival, including wilfully impeding relief supplies as provided for under the Geneva Conventions.

— The ICC’s decisions are binding. However, it relies on the cooperation of States for support, particularly for making arrests and transferring the arrested individuals to the ICC detention centre, for freezing assets, and enforcing sentences.

— Palestine became the 123rd member of the Rome Treaty on April 1, 2015. In February 2021, the ICC decided that it could exercise jurisdiction over Palestine, including Gaza and the West Bank.

— Israel is not a Party to the Rome Statute. However, the ICC does have jurisdiction over crimes committed by nationals of both State Parties and non-state Parties (such as Israel) on the territory of a State Party (such as Palestine).

For Your Information:

— The 1949 Geneva Conventions are a set of international treaties that ensure that warring parties conduct themselves in a humane way with non-combatants such as civilians and medical personnel, as well as with combatants no longer actively engaged in fighting, such as prisoners of war, and wounded or sick soldiers.

— All countries are signatories to the Geneva Conventions.

Points to Ponder:

— Why is India not a member of the ICC?

— What are the emerging challenges in the field of international criminal justice?

— Is starvation a crime in international armed conflict?

— What are the provisions related to human rights in India?

— What distinguishes war crimes from crimes against humanity?

Post Read Question:

Which of the following statements is not correct with reference to the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

(a) Governed by an international treaty called ‘The Rome Statute’, the ICC is the world’s first permanent international criminal court.

(b) It investigates and, where warranted, tries individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international community: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression.

(c) India is not a party to Rome Statute along with US and Britain.

(d) ICC headquarters at The Hague, the Netherlands.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Everyday Global: What is the International Court of Justice

What is Copernicus Emergency Management Service, called in to locate Raisi’s chopper?

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance

Mains Examination: GS-III: Science and Technology

What’s the ongoing story- Soon after Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi’s helicopter crashed on Sunday, the European Union (EU) activated its rapid satellite mapping service to help search efforts, following a request for assistance from Iran.

Prerequisites:

— What is rapid satellite mapping service?

— What is rapid mapping?

— What is Copernicus programme?

Key takeaways:

— The rapid mapping service is one of the crucial components of the Emergency Management Service (EMS), which comes under the EU’s Copernicus programme.

— The Copernicus programme is part of the EU’s space programme and aims to monitor the Earth and its environment by collecting data from a set of satellites known as the Sentinels.

— Launched in 1998, the Copernicus programme was earlier called Global Monitoring for Environmental Security (GMES).

— The Copernicus EMS has been in operation since 2012, and provides geo-spatial information derived from satellite remote sensing and in situ data sources to help manage natural disasters, man-made emergencies, and humanitarian crises.

— According to the Copernicus website, the RM service can supply four different “products”–

(i) Reference Product: It gives quick information on the area of interest and assets before the emergency/disaster takes place.

(ii)First Estimate Product: It provides a quick assessment of the most affected locations after the disaster has taken place.

(iii) Delineation Product: It supplies information on the impact, extent, and update on the situation after the disaster has taken place.

(iv) Grading Product: It provides damage assessment, spatial distribution, and extent after the disaster has taken place.

Points to Ponder:

— What is the significance of remote sensing satellites in managing disasters?

— How does rapid mapping work?

— Role of space technology in socio-economic development

Post Read Question:

Copernicus Emergency Management Service recently in the news is associated with which nation?

(a) America

(b) India

(c) Japan

(d) EU

Resilience of Russia’s economy

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance

Mains Examination: GS-II: International Relations

What’s the ongoing story- In terms of the sheer number of sanctions faced by it, Russia holds the record, having been slapped with more individual sanctions than Iran, Cuba, and North Korea combined. That ignominious record is unlikely to change anytime soon as Russian troops surged across the border last week to open a new line of attack near Kharkiv, Ukraine’s second-largest city after Kyiv.

Prerequisites:

— What was the reason for Russia-Ukraine war?

— What are the major items exported by Russia?

— What is the role of the International Monetray Fund (IMF)?

— What is private consumption in terms of economy?

Key takeaways:

— Russia’s economic resilience saga is borne out of the fact that following a relatively mild contraction of 1.2% in 2022, the economy again outperformed expectations in 2023, growing by 3.6 per cent.

— There are a few factors at play that could explain the doggedness of the Russian economy.

(i) First, the gamut of sanctions on the Russian energy sector are not as tight as they were when imposed on countries such as Iran or Venezuela. There is significant elbow room, and that is almost by design.

(ii) Second, corporate investment in Russia has recovered from the drop in 2022, adding an estimated 4.5percentage points to the growth in GDP in 2023.

(iii) Third, Russia’s private consumption has recovered strongly, adding 2.9 percentage points to GDP growth. This is being driven by buoyant credit and a strong labour market, with record low unemployment of just 3 and a general rise in wages.

(iv) Fourth, government spending too has added to growth but more modestly, with the fiscal impulse estimated at 1.2 percentage points of GDP in 2023. Defence spending in Russia has been ramped up to an estimated 7% of GDP.

(v) Fifth, some financial sanctions had already been imposed in 2014 after the Crimea invasion, and Russia had already factored in that cost.

Points to Ponder:

— What is the role of capital investment in the development of a nation?

— What is the impact of Russia-Ukraine war on India’s foreign trade?

— Map work: Areas impacted by Russia-Ukraine war

Post Read Question:

Zaporizhia and Kheron are related to which of the following countries?

(a) Ukraine

(b) Israel

(c) Egypt

(d) Germany

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

How Russia is winning the war in Ukraine

The Editorial Page

Humanity’s law

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: GS-II: Important international institutions, agencies, and fora- their structure, mandate.

What’s the ongoing story- Pratap Bhanu Mehta writes – “The International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutor has thrown down the gauntlet by seeking arrest warrants for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Defence Minister Yoav Gallant and three Hamas leaders, including Yahya Sinwar. A bench of the ICC may still deny the warrants, but the prosecutor’s request is backed by the unanimous opinion of a panel of five leading lights of international law. There is a resounding power to this group’s claim that “the law we apply is humanity’s law, not the law of any given side.”

Prerequisites:

— What is ICC?

— ICC and International Court of Justice-Compare and Contrast

— What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

Key takeaways:

— “There is good reason to be cynical of the ICC. It has been accused of selective attention. Many of its rulings go unenforced, even by its own member states. Three of the five permanent members of the Security Council are not members of the ICC.”

— “International law has almost always been subject to Great Power exceptionalism. In this case, none of the Great Powers, including China, India and the United States, are signatories to the ICC. Its broader legitimacy has always been under question: Even signatories worry that it was a tool to exercise power over small nations and petty dictators.”

— “There has always been the real worry that the juridification of deeply-political conflicts can often be counterproductive. The fear of prosecution might entrench the parties in their determination to fight, and close the room for compromise.”

— “The ICC prosecutor seeking arrest warrants is significant precisely because it operates against this background of well-warranted scepticism. It has potentially created a high-stakes situation.”

— “First, the seeking of an arrest warrant against Netanyahu is a blow to Israel’s reputation….The warrant does not take a stand on the sources of this conflict. It does accuse Israel of deliberately starving civilians, and both Israel and Hamas of violating the laws of armed conflict.”

— “Second, it is not an insignificant fact that an arrest warrant is being sought against an Israeli Prime Minister, a key ally of the United States….The United States has publicly condemned the ruling, and several prominent senators have, in turn, threatened ICC officials with sanctions…ICC member states are not only obliged to execute its warrants, they are potentially also obliged to defend the ICC against intimidation.”

— “Third, ICC is different from the International Court of Justice in that in ICC the prosecutions are brought against individual parties. While the warrant does not go into the root causes of the conflict, it is a powerful statement on behalf of moral limits that have to be recognised in the pursuit of political ends.”

Points to Ponder:

— What is the jurisdiction of the ICC?

— What are the limitations of ICC?

— What are war crimes? What is the criteria for war crimes?

— What distinguishes war crimes from crimes against humanity?

Post Read Question:

Which of the following countries are not a member of the International Criminal Court?

1. Russia

2. Israel

3. United States

4. China

5. India

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 2, 3 and 5 only

(b) 1, 2 and 5 only

(c) 1, 4 and 5 only

(d) 1,2, 3,4 and 5

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Why ICC Prosecutor has sought an arrest warrant against Netanyahu

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